Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 Galileo GalileiJanuary 1642) was an Italian physicist,mathematician, astronomer, andphilosopher who is closely associated withthe scientific revolution. His achievementsinclude the first systematic studies ofuniformly accelerated motion,improvements to the telescope, a variety ofastronomical observations, and support forCopernicanism. Galileo's experiment-based work is a significant break from theabstract approach of Aristotle. Galileo isoften referred to as the "father of modernastronomy," as the "father of modernphysics", and as the "father of science".The motion of uniformly acceleratedobjects, treated in nearly all high schooland introductory college physics courses,was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics.

Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany), the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist and music theorist. Although as a young man he seriouslyconsidered the priesthood, at his father's urging he enrolled for a medical degree at the University ofPisa. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics, in 1589 being appointed tothe chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591 his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of hisyounger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592 he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry,mechanics, and astronomy until 1610. During this period Galileo made significant discoveries inboth pure science (e.g., kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (e.g., strength ofmaterials, improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology,which in premodern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.

Although a devout Roman Catholic, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with MarinaGamba. They had two daughters (Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601) and one son (Vincenzio, in1606). Because of their illegitimate birth, both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo inArcetri at early ages and remained there for the rest of their lives. Virginia (b. 1600) took the nameMaria Celeste upon entering the convent. Galileo's eldest child was the most beloved and inheritedher father's sharp mind. She died on April 2, 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di SantaCroce di Firenze. Livia (b. 1601) took the name Suor Arcangela and was ill for most of her life.Vincenzio (b. 1606) was later legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.

In 1610, Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, usingthis observation to argue in favor of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against thedominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories. The next year Galileo visited Rome inorder to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the JesuitCollegio Romano, and to let them see with their own eyes the reality of the four moons of Jupiter.While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei. In 1612, opposition aroseto the Sun-centered solar system which Galileo supported. In 1614, from the pulpit of Santa MariaNovella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574–1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of theEarth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy. Galileo went to Rome to defend himself againstthese accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy. In 1622, Galileowrote his first book, The Assayer (Saggiatore), which was approved and published in 1623. In 1624,he developed the first known example of the microscope. In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for alicense to print the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, published in Florence in1632. In October of that year, however, he was ordered to appear before the Holy Office in Rome.

Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of quantitative experiments whose results could be analyzed withmathematical precision. (More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of WilliamGilbert, on magnetism and electricity.) Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist and musictheorist, had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation inphysics: for a stretched string, the pitch varies as the square of the tension. These observations laywithin the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers,which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale.Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and youngGalileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition. Galileo is perhaps the firstto clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical, writing that "the language of God ismathematics." His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, Galileo's adherence to experimentalresults, and their most honest interpretation, led to his rejection of blind allegiance to authority, bothphilosophical and religious, in matters of science. In broader terms, this helped separate science fromboth philosophy and religion, a major development in human thought.By the standards of his own time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance withobservation. Philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend also noted the supposedly improper aspects ofGalileo's methodology, but he argued that Galileo's methods could be justified retroactively by theirresults. The bulk of Feyerabend's major work, Against Method (1975), was devoted to an analysis ofGalileo, using his astronomical research as a case study to support Feyerabend's own anarchistictheory of scientific method. As he put it: 'Aristotelians [...] demanded strong empirical support whilethe Galileans were content with far-reaching, unsupported and partially refuted theories. I do not[4]criticize them for that; on the contrary, I favour Niels Bohr's "this is not crazy enough."'In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so thatmeasurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in areproducible fashion. For measurements of particularly short intervals of time, Galileo sang songswith whose timing he was familiar.Galileo also attempted to measure the speed of light, wisely concluding that his measurementtechnique was too imprecise to accurately determine its value. He climbed one hill and had anassistant to climb another hill; both had lanterns with shutters, initially closed. He then opened theshutter of his lantern. His assistant was instructed to open his own shutter upon seeing Galileo'slantern. Galileo then measured the time interval for his assistant's shutter to open. Knowing the timeinterval and the separation between the hills, he determined the apparent speed of light. On repeatingthe experiment with more distant hills, Galileo obtained the same time lapse, concluding that thetime for the light to travel was much less than his and his assistant's reaction time, and therefore thatthe actual speed of light was beyond the sensitivity of his measurement technique.Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics,theoretical physics, and experimental physics.

Aryabhata

Âryabha a (Devanâgarî: ] [ ) (AD 476 – 550) is the first of thegreat mathematician-astronomers of the classical age of Indianmathematics. He was born at Muziris (the modern dayKodungallour village) near Trissur. Available evidence suggest thathe went to Kusumapura for higher studies. He lived inKusumapura, which his commentator Bhâskara I (AD 629)identifies as Pataliputra (modern Patna).Aryabhata was the first in the line of brilliant mathematician-astronomers of classical Indian mathematics, whose major workwas the Aryabhatiya and the Aryabhatta-siddhanta. TheAryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics andastronomy in verse form, which were influential for manycenturies. The extreme brevity of the text was elaborated incommentaries by his disciple Bhaskara I (Bhashya, ca. 600) and by Nilakantha Somayaji in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya, (1465). The number place-value system, first seen in the 3rd century Bakhshali[1]Manuscript was clearly in place in his work. He may have been the first mathematician to use letters of the alphabet to denote unknown quantities.Aryabhata's system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system (days are reckoned from uday,dawn at lanka, equator). Some of his later writings on astronomy, which apparently proposed asecond model (ardha-rAtrikA, midnight), are lost, but can be partly reconstructed from thediscussion in Brahmagupta's khanDakhAdyaka. In some texts he seems to ascribe the apparentmotions of the heavens to the earth's rotation.

The AryabhatiyaPi as Irrational

The number system we use today known as Hindu-Arabic number system was developed by Indian mathematicians and spread around the world by Arabs. In Aryabhatiya, Aryabhatta stated "StanamStanam Dasa Gunam" or in English "Place to Place Ten Times in Value". As per Tobias Denzig,discovery of the place value notation is a world event. Later zero was added to the Aryabhatta'snumber system by Brahmagupta. Aryabhata worked on the approximation for Pi, and may haverealized that ð is irrational. In the second part of the Aryabhatiyam. In other words,, correct to five digits. The commentator Nilakantha Somayaji,(Kerala School, 15th c.) has argued that the word âsanna (approaching), appearing just before thelast word, here means not only that this is an approximation, but that the value is incommensurable(or irrational). If this is correct, it is quite a sophisticated insight, for the irrationality of pi wasproved in Europe only in 1761 (Lambert). Aryabhata's greatest contribution is signified by 0 (Zero).Notation for placeholders in positional numbers is found on stone tablets from ancient (3,000 B.C.)Sumeria. Yet, the Greeks had no concept of a number like zero. In terms of modern use, zero issometimes traced to the Indian mathematician Aryabhata who, about 520 A.D., devised a positionaldecimal number system that contained a word, "kha," for the idea of a placeholder. By 876, based onan existing tablet inscription with that date, the kha had become the symbol "0".

Meanwhile,somewhat after Aryabhata, another Indian, Brahmagupta, developed the concept of the zero as anactual independent number, not just a place-holder, and wrote rules for adding and subtracting zerofrom other numbers. The Indian writings were passed on to al-Khwarizmi (from whose name wederive the term algorithm) and thence to Leonardo Fibonacci and others who continued to developthe concept and the number.

Mensuration and Trigonometry

In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of triangle astribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah (for a triangle, the result of aperpendicular with the half-side is the area.)

But he gave an incorrect rule for the volume of a pyramid. Aryabhata was not concerned with demonstrating his formulas. Aryabhata, in his work Aryabhata-Siddhanta, first defined the sine asthe modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord. He also defined the cosine, versine,and inverse sine. He used the words jya for sine, kojya for cosine, ukramajya for versine, and otkramjya for inverse sine.Aryabhata's tables for the sines (from which the rest can be computed), is presented in a singlerhyming stanza, with each syllable standing for increments at intervals of 225 minutes of arc or 3degrees 45'. Using a compact alphabetic code called varga/avarga, he defines the sines for a circle ofcircumference 21600 (radius 3438). He uses the alphabetic code to define a set ofincrements :makhi bhakhi fakhi dhakhi Nakhi N~akhi M~akhi hasjha .... Here "makhi" stands for 25(ma) + 200 (khi), and the corresponding sine value (for 225 minutes of arc) is 225 / 3438. The valuecorresponding to the eighth term (hasjha, 199 (ha=100 + s=90 + jha=9), is the sum of all theincrements before it, totalling 1719. The entire table for 90 degrees is given as follows:225,224,222,219,215,210,205,199,191,183,174,164,154,143,131,119,106,93,79,65,51,37,22,7So we see that sin(15) (sum of first four terms) = 890/3438 = 0.258871 (correct value = 0.258819,correct to four significant digits). The value of sin(30) (corresponding to hasjha) is 1719/3438 = 0.5;this is of course, exact. His alphabetic code (there are many such codes in Sanskrit) has come to beknown as the Aryabhata cipher.

Motions of the Solar System

Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are eachcarried by epicycles which in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found in thePaitâmahasiddhânta (ca. AD 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a[5]smaller manda (slow) epicycle and a larger œ îghra (fast) epicycle. The positions and periods of theplanets were calculated relative to uniformly moving points, which in the case of Mercury andVenus, move around the Earth at the same speed as the mean Sun and in the case of Mars, Jupiter,and Saturn move around the Earth at specific speeds representing each planet's motion through thezodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy. Another element in Aryabhata's model, the œ îghrocca, the basicplanetary period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an underlying heliocentric model. Aryabhata defines the sizes of the planets' orbits in terms of these periods.He states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. He also correctly explains eclipses ofthe Sun and the Moon, and presents methods for their calculation and prediction.In the fourth book of his Aryabhatiya, Goladhyaya or Golapada, Aryabhata is dealing with thecelestial sphere, shape of the earth, cause of day and night etc. In golapAda.6 he says:

bhugolaH sarvato vr.ttaH (The earth is circular everywhere)

Another statement, referring to Lanka , describes the movement of the stars as a relative motioncaused by the rotation of the earth:

Like a man in a boat moving forward sees the stationary objects as moving backward, just soare the stationary stars seen by the people in lankA (i.e. on the equator) as moving exactlytowards the West. [achalAni bhAni samapashchimagAni - golapAda.

However, in the next verse he describes the motion of the stars and planets as real: “The cause oftheir rising and setting is due to the fact the circle of the asterisms together with the planets driven bythe provector wind, constantly moves westwards at Lanka”.Lanka here is a reference point to mean the equator, which was known to pass through Sri Lanka.Aryabhatta make numerous references to Lanka where there is a doubt whether he was originallyfrom Sri Lanka, island nation south of India.Aryabhata's computation of Earth's circumference as 24,835 miles, which was only 0.2% smallerthan the actual value of 24,902 miles. This approximation improved on the computation by theAlexandrinan mathematician Erastosthenes (c.200 BC), whose exact computation is not known inmodern units.

Sidereal periods

Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotationof the earth referenced the fixed stars) as 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds; the modern value is23:56:4.091. Similarly, his value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes30 seconds is an error of 3 minutes 20 seconds over the length of a year. The notion of sidereal timewas known in most other astronomical systems of the time, but this computation was likely the mostaccurate in the period.

Heliocentrism

Aryabhata's computations are consistent with a heliocentric motion of the planets orbiting the sunand the earth spinning on its own axis. While he is not the first to say this, his authority was certainlymost influential. The earlier Indian astronomical texts Shatapatha Brahmana (c. 9th-7th centuryBC), Aitareya Brahmana (c. 9th-7th century BC) and Vishnu Purana (c. 1st century BC) containearly concepts of a heliocentric model. Heraclides of Pontus (4th c. BC) is sometimes credited with aheliocentric theory. Aristarchus of Samos (3rd century BC) is usually credited with knowing of theheliocentric theory. The version of Greek astronomy known in ancient India, Paulisa Siddhanta(possibly by a Paul of Alexandria) makes no reference to a Heliocentric theory. The 8th centuryArabic edition of the Âryabhatîya was translated into Latin in the 13th century, well beforeCopernicus and may have influenced European astronomy, though a direct connection withCopernicus cannot be established. 10th century Arabic scholar Al Baruni states that Aryabhatta'sfolowers believe earth to rotate around the sun. Then he casually adds that this notion does not createany mathematical difficulties. In Indian astronomy sun is always at the center in the "sugrocha"system. It is fair to say earth rotating around the sun was known to Aryabhatta at least 1,000 years before Copernicus.

Diophantine Equations

A problem of great interest to Indian mathematicians since very ancient times concerned diophantineequations. These involve integer solutions to equations such as ax + b = cy. Here is an example fromBhaskara's commentary on Aryabhatiya: :

Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder whendivided by 9 and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7.

i.e. find N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. In general,diophantine equations can be notoriously difficult. Such equations were considered extensively inthe ancient Vedic text Sulba Sutras, the more ancient parts of which may date back to 800 BCE.Aryabhata's method of solving such problems, called the kuttaka ( ) method. Kuttaka meanspulverizing, that is breaking into small pieces, and the method involved a recursive algorithm forwriting the original factors in terms of smaller numbers. Today this algorithm, as elaborated byBhaskara in AD 621, is the standard method for solving first order Diophantine equations, and it isoften referred to as the Aryabhata algorithm. See details of the Kuttaka method in this link http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Oct2002/pdf/Oct2002p6-22.pdf%7Carticle

Aryabhata's astronomical calculation methods have been in continuous use for the practical purposesof fixing the Panchanga Hindu calendar.Recently Aryabhata was a theme in the RSA Conference 2006, Indocrypt 2005, which had a sessionon Vedic mathematics.The lunar crater Aryabhata is named in his honour.

Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859–7 July 1930) was a Scottish author most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered a major innovation in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, historical novels, plays and romances, poetry, and non-fiction.

Arthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859, in Edinburgh, Scotland, to an English father, Charles Altamont Doyle, and an Irish mother, Mary Foley, who had married in 1855. Although he is now referred to as "Conan Doyle", the origin of this compound surname is uncertain.Conan Doyle's father was an artist, as were his paternal uncles (one of whom was Richard Doyle), and his paternal grandfather John Doyle.
Conan Doyle was sent to the Roman Catholic Jesuit preparatory school St Marys Hall, Stonyhurst, at the age of eight. He then went on to Stonyhurst College, but by the time he left the school in 1875, he had rejected Christianity to become an agnostic.
From 1876 to 1881 he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, including a period working in the town of Aston (now a district of Birmingham). While studying, he also began writing short stories; his first published story appeared in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal before he was 20. Following his term at university, he served as a ship's doctor on a voyage to the West African coast, and then in 1882 he set up a practice in Plymouth. He completed his doctorate on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885.
In 1882 he took up medical practice in Portsmouth. The practice was initially not very successful; while waiting for patients, he again began writing stories. His first significant work was A Study in Scarlet, which appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual for 1887 and featured the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes, who was partially modelled after his former university professor, Joseph Bell. Future short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the English Strand Magazine. Interestingly, Rudyard Kipling congratulated Conan Doyle on his success, asking "Could this be my old friend, Dr. Joe?" Sherlock Holmes, however, was even more closely modelled after the famous Edgar Allan Poe character, C. Auguste Dupin.
While living in Southsea he played football for an amateur side (that disbanded in 1894), Portsmouth Association Football Club. (This club had no connection with the Portsmouth F.C. of today.)
In 1885 he married Louisa (or Louise) Hawkins, known as "Touie", who suffered from tuberculosis and died on July 4, 1906. He married Jean Leckie in 1907, whom he had first met and fallen in love with in 1897 but had maintained a platonic relationship with her out of loyalty to his first wife. Conan Doyle had five children, two with his first wife (Mary Louise (born 1889) and Alleyne Kingsley (1892–1918)) and three with his second wife (Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy Stewart (March 17, 1909–March 9, 1955), second husband in 1936 of Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani (circa 1910–February 19, 1987) (former sister-in-law of Barbara Hutton), and Adrian Malcolm).

In 1890 Conan Doyle studied the eye in Vienna; he moved to London in 1891 to set up a practice as an ophthalmologist. He wrote in his autobiography that not a single patient crossed his door. This gave him more time for writing, and in November 1891 he wrote to his mother: "I think of slaying Holmes... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things." His mother responded, saying, "You may do what you deem fit, but the crowds will not take this lightheartedly." In December 1893, he did so in order to dedicate more of his time to more "important" works (his historical novels).
Holmes and Moriarty apparently plunged to their deaths together down a waterfall in the story, "The Final Problem". Public outcry led him to bring the character back; Conan Doyle returned to the story in "The Adventure of the Empty House", with the explanation that only Moriarty had fallen but, since Holmes had other dangerous enemies, he had arranged to be temporarily "dead" also. Holmes ultimately appears in a total of 56 short stories and four Conan Doyle novels (he has since appeared in many novels and stories by other authors).
Following the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century and the condemnation from around the world over the United Kingdom's conduct, Conan Doyle wrote a short pamphlet titled, The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct, which justified the UK's role in the Boer war, and was widely translated.
Conan Doyle believed that it was this pamphlet that resulted in 1902 in his being knighted and appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey. He also in 1900 wrote the longer book, The Great Boer War. During the early years of the 20th century, Sir Arthur twice ran for Parliament as a Liberal Unionist, once in Edinburgh and once in the Hawick Burghs, but although he received a respectable vote he was not elected.

Arthur Conan Doyle statue in Crowborough.
Conan Doyle was involved in the campaign for the reform of the Congo Free State, led by the journalist E. D. Morel and the diplomat Roger Casement. He wrote The Crime of the Congo in 1909, a long pamphlet in which he denounced the horrors in that country. He became acquainted with Morel and Casement, taking inspiration from them for two of the main characters in the novel, The Lost World (1912).
He broke with both when Morel became one of the leaders of the pacifist movement during the First World War, and when Casement committed treason against the UK during the Easter Rising out of conviction for his Irish nationalist views. Conan Doyle tried, unsuccessfully, to save Casement from the death penalty, arguing that he had been driven mad and was not responsible for his actions.
Conan Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice, and personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two imprisoned men being released. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji, who had allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated animals. Police were set on Edalji's conviction, even though the mutilations continued after their suspect was jailed.
It was partially as a result of this case that the Court of Criminal Appeal was established in 1907, so not only did Conan Doyle help George Edalji, his work helped establish a way to correct other miscarriages of justice. The story of Conan Doyle and Edalji is told in fictional form in Julian Barnes' 2005 novel, Arthur & George.
The second case, that of Oscar Slater, a German Jew and gambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908, excited Conan Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution case and a general sense that Slater was framed.
After the death of his wife Louisa in 1906, and the deaths of his son Kingsley, his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law, and his two nephews shortly after World War I, Conan Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting Spiritualism and its alleged scientific proof of existence beyond the grave.
According to the History Channel program Houdini: Unlocking the Mystery (which briefly explored the friendship between the two), Conan Doyle became involved with Spiritualism after the deaths of his son and his brother. Kingsley Doyle died from pneumonia on October 28, 1918, which he contracted during his convalescence after being seriously wounded during the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Brigadier-General Innes Doyle died in February 1919, also from pneumonia. Sir Arthur became involved with Spiritualism to the extent that he wrote a Professor Challenger novel on the subject, The Land of Mist.
His book, The Coming of the Fairies (1921) shows he was apparently convinced of the veracity of the Cottingley Fairies photographs, which he reproduced in the book, together with theories about the nature and existence of fairies and spirits.
In his The History of Spiritualism (1926) Conan Doyle praised the psychic phenomena and spirit materialisations produced by Eusapia Palladino and Mina "Margery" Crandon.
His work on this topic was one of the reasons that one of his short story collections, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, was banned in the Soviet Union in 1929 for supposed occultism. This ban was later lifted. Russian actor Vasily Livanov later received an Order of the British Empire for his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes.
Conan Doyle was friends for a time with the American magician Harry Houdini, who himself became a prominent opponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s following the death of his beloved mother. Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently attempted to expose them as frauds), Conan Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers, a view expressed in Conan Doyle's The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Conan Doyle that his feats were simply magic tricks, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two.

Arthur Conan Doyle's house in South Norwood, London
Richard Milner, an American historian of science, has presented a case that Conan Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Conan Doyle had a motive, namely revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics, and that The Lost World contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax.
Samuel Rosenberg's 1974 book Naked is the Best Disguise purports to explain how Conan Doyle left, throughout his writings, open clues that related to hidden and suppressed aspects of his mentality.
Conan Doyle was found clutching his chest in the family garden on July 7, 1930. He soon died of his heart attack, aged 71, and is buried in the Church Yard at Minstead in the New Forest, Hampshire, England. His last words were directed toward his wife: "You are wonderful." The epitaph on his gravestone reads:
STEEL TRUEBLADE STRAIGHTARTHUR CONAN DOYLEKNIGHTPATRIOT, PHYSICIAN & MAN OF LETTERS
Undershaw, the home Conan Doyle had built near Hindhead, south of London, and lived in for at least a decade, was a hotel and restaurant from 1924 until 2004. It was then bought by a developer, and has been empty since then while conservationists and Conan Doyle fans fight to preserve it.
A statue honours Conan Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crowborough, East Sussex, England, where Sir Arthur lived for 23 years. There is also a statue of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, close to the house where Conan Doyle was born.